🔹 Deverbal Nouns Ending in -ado / -ido

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The -do pattern forms nouns from participial verb forms:

-ado generally corresponds to verbs ending in -ar.
-ido generally corresponds to verbs ending in -er and -ir.

These nouns may refer to an action, its result, a finished product, a person, a place, or an object. For example, grabado can describe both the process of engraving and the resulting print. Most nouns in the chart are masculine. Nouns referring to people can normally vary in gender: empleado / empleada, invitado / invitada.

#	Spanish Noun	Noun in English	Infinitive Verb	Verb in English
1	estado	state; condition; status	estar	to be
2	resultado	result; outcome	resultar	to result; turn out
3	cuidado	care; caution	cuidar	to care for; look after
4	pasado	past	pasar	to pass; happen
5	partido	match; game; political party	partir	to divide; split; depart
6	sentido	sense; meaning; direction	sentir	to feel; sense
7	contenido	content	contener	to contain
8	pedido	order; request	pedir	to ask for; order
9	vestido	dress; clothing	vestir	to dress; clothe
10	empleado	employee	emplear	to employ; use
11	significado	meaning	significar	to mean; signify
12	llamado	call; appeal	llamar	to call
13	certificado	certificate	certificar	to certify
14	comunicado	statement; official notice	comunicar	to communicate; announce
15	apartado	section; subsection	apartar	to separate; set aside
16	tratado	treaty; treatise	tratar	to treat; deal with
17	pecado	sin	pecar	to sin
18	atentado	attack; terrorist attack	atentar	to attack; make an attempt against
19	invitado	guest	invitar	to invite
20	encargado	person in charge; manager	encargar	to entrust; assign; order
21	acusado	accused person; defendant	acusar	to accuse
22	detenido	detainee; person under arrest	detener	to stop; detain; arrest
23	desaparecido	missing person	desaparecer	to disappear
24	fallecido	deceased person	fallecer	to die; pass away
25	herido	injured person	herir	to injure; wound
26	refugiado	refugee	refugiar / refugiarse	to shelter / take refuge
27	jubilado	retired person; pensioner	jubilar / jubilarse	to retire someone / retire
28	afectado	affected person	afectar	to affect
29	asegurado	insured person; policyholder	asegurar	to insure; ensure
30	interesado	interested party; applicant	interesar	to interest; concern
31	aficionado	fan; enthusiast	aficionar / aficionarse	to make fond of / become interested in
32	asociado	associate; member	asociar / asociarse	to associate / join
33	afiliado	member; affiliate	afiliar / afiliarse	to affiliate / become a member
34	abonado	subscriber; season-ticket holder	abonar / abonarse	to pay; credit / subscribe
35	graduado	graduate	graduar / graduarse	to graduate someone / graduate
36	licenciado	graduate; degree holder	licenciar / licenciarse	to dismiss; grant a degree / earn a degree
37	delegado	delegate; representative	delegar	to delegate
38	condenado	convicted person; prisoner	condenar	to condemn; sentence
39	imputado	person formally accused; defendant	imputar	to charge; attribute
40	procesado	defendant under prosecution; processed product	procesar	to prosecute; process
41	demandado	defendant in a civil case	demandar	to sue; demand
42	entrevistado	interviewee	entrevistar	to interview
43	encuestado	survey respondent	encuestar	to survey
44	desempleado	unemployed person	desemplear	to leave unemployed
45	casado	married person	casar / casarse	to marry someone / get married
46	divorciado	divorced person	divorciar / divorciarse	to divorce someone / get divorced
47	separado	separated person	separar / separarse	to separate / separate from
48	damnificado	victim; affected person	damnificar	to harm; damage
49	legado	legacy; bequest	legar	to bequeath; leave as a legacy
50	poblado	settlement; village	poblar	to populate; settle
51	mandado	errand; order	mandar	to order; send
52	añadido	addition; added element	añadir	to add
53	agregado	addition; addendum; attaché	agregar	to add; attach
54	derivado	derivative	derivar	to derive
55	preparado	preparation; mixture	preparar	to prepare
56	concentrado	concentrate	concentrar	to concentrate
57	destilado	distillate	destilar	to distill
58	duplicado	duplicate; copy	duplicar	to duplicate
59	visado	visa; official endorsement	visar	to issue or approve a visa; endorse
60	dictado	dictation	dictar	to dictate
61	enunciado	statement; wording; exercise prompt	enunciar	to state; formulate
62	encabezado	heading; header	encabezar	to head; lead
63	listado	list; listing	listar	to list
64	grabado	engraving; print; recording	grabar	to engrave; record
65	bordado	embroidery	bordar	to embroider
66	tejido	fabric; tissue; weave	tejer	to weave; knit
67	calzado	footwear	calzar	to put shoes on; fit
68	peinado	hairstyle	peinar / peinarse	to comb; style / comb one’s hair
69	afeitado	shave; shaving	afeitar / afeitarse	to shave
70	bronceado	tan; tanning	broncear / broncearse	to tan
71	lavado	washing; wash	lavar	to wash
72	secado	drying	secar	to dry
73	planchado	ironing	planchar	to iron
74	acabado	finish; finishing	acabar	to finish; complete
75	pulido	polish; polishing; finish	pulir	to polish
76	barnizado	varnishing; varnished finish	barnizar	to varnish
77	lacado	lacquering; lacquered finish	lacar	to lacquer
78	pintado	painting; paintwork	pintar	to paint
79	decorado	set; scenery; decoration	decorar	to decorate
80	trazado	layout; route; outline	trazar	to trace; draw; design
81	modelado	modeling; shaping	modelar	to model; shape
82	moldeado	molding; shaping	moldear	to mold; shape
83	tallado	carving; cut	tallar	to carve; cut
84	esculpido	sculpting; carved work	esculpir	to sculpt; carve
85	estampado	print; pattern; printing	estampar	to print; stamp
86	hilado	yarn; spinning	hilar	to spin thread
87	trenzado	braiding; braided pattern	trenzar	to braid
88	plegado	folding; fold	plegar	to fold
89	cosido	sewing; stitching; seam	coser	to sew
90	zurcido	darning; darned area	zurcir	to darn; mend
91	calado	openwork; draft; depth	calar	to penetrate; soak; measure depth
92	teñido	dyeing; dyed finish	teñir	to dye
93	forrado	lining; covering	forrar	to line; cover
94	acolchado	padding; quilting	acolchar	to pad; quilt
95	curtido	tanning; cured leather	curtir	to tan; cure
96	laminado	lamination; laminate	laminar	to laminate; roll into sheets
97	prensado	pressing; pressed product	prensar	to press
98	asado	barbecue; roast; grilled meat	asar	to roast; grill
99	helado	ice cream	helar	to freeze
100	batido	shake; smoothie; beaten mixture	batir	to beat; whisk; blend
101	licuado	smoothie; blended drink	licuar	to blend; liquefy
102	guisado	stew; cooked dish	guisar	to cook; stew
103	estofado	stew	estofar	to stew; braise
104	cocido	boiled dish; stew	cocer	to cook; boil
105	pescado	fish as food	pescar	to fish; catch fish
106	emparedado	sandwich	emparedar	to place between walls or layers
107	embutido	sausage; cold cut	embutir	to stuff; insert
108	encurtido	pickle; pickled food	encurtir	to pickle
109	granizado	slush; crushed-ice drink	granizar	to hail; freeze into granules
110	tostado	toast; roasting; toasted sandwich	tostar	to toast; roast
111	ahumado	smoked food; smoking process	ahumar	to smoke food
112	curado	curing; cured product	curar	to cure; preserve
113	marinado	marinated food; marinating	marinar	to marinate
114	rebozado	batter coating; battered food	rebozar	to coat in batter or breadcrumbs
115	empanado	breaded coating; breaded food	empanar	to coat in breadcrumbs
116	glaseado	icing; glaze	glasear	to glaze; ice
117	confitado	confit; candied or preserved food	confitar	to preserve; candy
118	salteado	stir-fry; sautéed dish	saltear	to sauté; stir-fry
119	horneado	baking	hornear	to bake
120	amasado	kneading	amasar	to knead
121	fermentado	fermented product; fermentation	fermentar	to ferment
122	congelado	frozen food; frozen product	congelar	to freeze
123	enlatado	canned food; canned product	enlatar	to can; put in cans
124	envasado	packaging; packaged product	envasar	to package; bottle
125	embotellado	bottling	embotellar	to bottle
126	etiquetado	labeling	etiquetar	to label
127	sellado	sealing; seal	sellar	to seal; stamp
128	filtrado	filtering; filtrate	filtrar	to filter
129	reciclado	recycling; recycled material	reciclar	to recycle
130	borrado	deletion; erasure	borrar	to erase; delete
131	guardado	saving; storage	guardar	to keep; save; store
132	archivado	filing; archiving	archivar	to file; archive
133	asfaltado	asphalting; asphalt surface	asfaltar	to asphalt; pave
134	cercado	enclosure; fenced area	cercar	to fence in; surround
135	alambrado	wire fence; wiring	alambrar	to fence with wire; wire
136	alumbrado	lighting; street lighting	alumbrar	to illuminate; light
137	cableado	wiring; cabling	cablear	to wire; install cables
138	tendido	network; line; laying	tender	to spread; lay; hang
139	entramado	framework; network; structure	entramar	to interweave; construct a framework
140	forjado	forging; forged structure	forjar	to forge
141	encofrado	formwork	encofrar	to install formwork
142	subtitulado	subtitling	subtitular	to subtitle
143	doblado	dubbing; folding	doblar	to dub; fold
144	rodado	filming; footage; wheeled vehicle (Rioplatense Spanish)	rodar	to roll; film

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