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Aula grátisTo help you understand how regular verbs are built, we've broken each word into three parts:
The black part (e.g., habl-, com-, viv-) contains the core meaning of the verb.
The red part (a, e, i, ie) tells us which group the conjugation belongs to (-AR, -ER, -IR).
The light blue part (e.g., -o, -s, -mos) is the ending. It tells us who is doing the action and when.
| Type | Formation or Ending | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Regular -ar participles | -ado | hablado, trabajado, terminado |
| Regular -er/-ir participles | -ido | comido, aprendido, vivido |
| Regular forms with hiatus | -ído | leído, caído, oído, traído |
| Irregular participles | -cho | dicho, hecho, satisfecho |
| Irregular participles | -so | impreso, preso |
| Irregular participles | -to | abierto, escrito, roto, vuelto |
| Verbs with two participles | regular + irregular | imprimido/impreso, freído/frito |
verb stem + -ado
| Infinitive | Regular Participle | English |
|---|---|---|
| acabar | acabado | finished |
| aceptar | aceptado | accepted |
| acompañar | acompañado | accompanied |
| acordar | acordado | agreed |
| acostumbrar | acostumbrado | accustomed |
| actuar | actuado | acted |
| ayudar | ayudado | helped |
| bailar | bailado | danced |
| bajar | bajado | lowered / gone down |
| buscar | buscado | searched for |
| cambiar | cambiado | changed |
| caminar | caminado | walked |
| cancelar | cancelado | cancelled |
| cantar | cantado | sung |
| cerrar | cerrado | closed |
| cocinar | cocinado | cooked |
| comenzar | comenzado | begun |
| comprar | comprado | bought |
| contar | contado | counted / told |
| contestar | contestado | answered |
| continuar | continuado | continued |
| crear | creado | created |
| dejar | dejado | left |
| descansar | descansado | rested |
| desear | deseado | desired |
| encontrar | encontrado | found |
| enseñar | enseñado | taught / shown |
| entrar | entrado | entered |
| enviar | enviado | sent |
| escuchar | escuchado | listened to |
| esperar | esperado | waited for / expected |
| estudiar | estudiado | studied |
| explicar | explicado | explained |
| ganar | ganado | won / earned |
| guardar | guardado | kept / stored |
| hablar | hablado | spoken |
| intentar | intentado | attempted |
| llamar | llamado | called |
| llegar | llegado | arrived |
| llevar | llevado | carried / taken |
| mandar | mandado | sent / ordered |
| mirar | mirado | looked at |
| mostrar | mostrado | shown |
| necesitar | necesitado | needed |
| olvidar | olvidado | forgotten |
| organizar | organizado | organized |
| pagar | pagado | paid |
| pasar | pasado | passed / spent |
| pensar | pensado | thought |
| preguntar | preguntado | asked |
| preparar | preparado | prepared |
| quedar | quedado | remained |
| recordar | recordado | remembered |
| regresar | regresado | returned |
| reservar | reservado | reserved |
| sacar | sacado | taken out |
| terminar | terminado | finished |
| tocar | tocado | touched / played |
| tomar | tomado | taken / drunk |
| trabajar | trabajado | worked |
| usar | usado | used |
| viajar | viajado | travelled |
| visitar | visitado | visited |
verb stem + -ido
| Infinitive | Regular Participle | English |
|---|---|---|
| aprender | aprendido | learned |
| asistir | asistido | attended / assisted |
| beber | bebido | drunk |
| caer | caído | fallen |
| comer | comido | eaten |
| compartir | compartido | shared |
| comprender | comprendido | understood |
| conocer | conocido | known / met |
| conseguir | conseguido | obtained |
| construir | construido | built |
| correr | corrido | run |
| creer | creído | believed |
| cumplir | cumplido | fulfilled |
| deber | debido | owed |
| decidir | decidido | decided |
| depender | dependido | depended |
| discutir | discutido | discussed / argued |
| dividir | dividido | divided |
| dormir | dormido | slept |
| entender | entendido | understood |
| existir | existido | existed |
| haber | habido | existed / occurred |
| huir | huido | fled |
| incluir | incluido | included |
| insistir | insistido | insisted |
| ir | ido | gone |
| leer | leído | read |
| mantener | mantenido | maintained |
| mentir | mentido | lied |
| oír | oído | heard |
| partir | partido | left / divided |
| pedir | pedido | asked for |
| perder | perdido | lost |
| permitir | permitido | allowed |
| preferir | preferido | preferred |
| producir | producido | produced |
| recibir | recibido | received |
| reír | reído | laughed |
| repetir | repetido | repeated |
| responder | respondido | answered |
| salir | salido | gone out / left |
| seguir | seguido | followed / continued |
| sentir | sentido | felt |
| ser | sido | been |
| servir | servido | served |
| sonreír | sonreído | smiled |
| subir | subido | gone up / uploaded |
| sufrir | sufrido | suffered |
| temer | temido | feared |
| tener | tenido | had |
| traer | traído | brought |
| vender | vendido | sold |
| venir | venido | come |
| vivir | vivido | lived |
When the verb stem ends in certain vowels, the í of the participle receives a written accent to preserve the hiatus. However, forms containing ui generally do not carry an accent (e.g. construido, incluido, huido).
| Infinitive | Participle | English |
|---|---|---|
| decir | dicho | said |
| contradecir | contradicho | contradicted |
| predecir | predicho | predicted |
| desdecir | desdicho | retracted |
| hacer | hecho | done / made |
| deshacer | deshecho | undone |
| rehacer | rehecho | redone |
| satisfacer | satisfecho | satisfied |
| Infinitive | Participle | English |
|---|---|---|
| imprimir | impreso | printed |
| prender | preso | arrested / imprisoned |
| Infinitive | Participle | English |
|---|---|---|
| elegir | electo | elected |
| freír | frito | fried |
| morir | muerto | died / dead |
| proveer | provisto | provided |
| romper | roto | broken |
| sofreír | sofrito | lightly fried |
| ver | visto | seen |
| prever | previsto | foreseen |
| Infinitive | Participle | English |
|---|---|---|
| abrir | ||
| abrir | abierto | opened |
| entreabrir | entreabierto | half-opened |
| reabrir | reabierto | reopened |
| cubrir | ||
| cubrir | cubierto | covered |
| descubrir | descubierto | discovered |
| encubrir | encubierto | concealed |
| recubrir | recubierto | coated |
| escribir | ||
| escribir | escrito | written |
| adscribir | adscrito | assigned |
| describir | descrito | described |
| inscribir | inscrito | registered |
| prescribir | prescrito | prescribed |
| transcribir | transcrito | transcribed |
| suscribir | suscrito | subscribed |
| poner | ||
| poner | puesto | put / placed |
| anteponer | antepuesto | placed before |
| componer | compuesto | composed |
| descomponer | descompuesto | broken down |
| disponer | dispuesto | arranged |
| exponer | expuesto | exposed |
| imponer | impuesto | imposed |
| oponer | opuesto | opposed |
| posponer | pospuesto | postponed |
| proponer | propuesto | proposed |
| reponer | repuesto | replaced |
| suponer | supuesto | supposed |
| resolver | ||
| resolver | resuelto | resolved |
| absolver | absuelto | absolved |
| disolver | disuelto | dissolved |
| volver | ||
| volver | vuelto | returned |
| devolver | devuelto | returned |
| envolver | envuelto | wrapped |
| revolver | revuelto | stirred |
| desenvolver | desenvuelto | unwrapped |
| Infinitive | Regular | Irregular | Common Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| elegir | elegido | electo | Han elegido al presidente. / El presidente electo. |
| reelegir | reelegido | reelecto | Lo han reelegido. / El gobernador reelecto. |
| freír | freído | frito | Both are accepted: He freído/frito las papas. |
| refreír | refreído | refrito | Both forms occur; refrito is common adjectivally. |
| sofreír | sofreído | sofrito | Both can form compound tenses; only sofrito is normally used adjectivally. |
| imprimir | imprimido | impreso | Both are accepted: He imprimido/impreso el documento. |
| prender | prendido | preso | Prendido is preferred with haber; preso is common adjectivally. |
| proveer | proveído | provisto | Both are accepted: Se han proveído/provisto de alimentos. |
| bendecir | bendecido | bendito | Bendecido is preferred as the verbal participle; bendito is mostly adjectival. |
| maldecir | maldecido | maldito | Maldecido is preferred as the verbal participle; maldito is mostly adjectival. |
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb. Semantically, it normally presents an action, process, or situation as completed or as having produced a result.
The irregular participles form a relatively limited group, while the regular pattern (-ado, -ido) applies to the great majority of Spanish verbs.
Participles combine with haber to form compound tenses. When the participle is used with haber, it is invariable (no gender/number agreement).
When a participle functions as an adjective or forms part of a passive or resultative construction, it normally agrees in gender and number with the noun.
The following regularized forms are common among learners and children, but they do not belong to standard formal Spanish.
In Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, several participles derived from verbs ending in -scribir frequently appear with -scripto (e.g. descripto, inscripto, transcripto) rather than -scrito.
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